UPSC Exam Study Materials

Plastic Pollution refers to the accumulation of plastic products in the environment to such…

Soil pollution refers to the addition of toxic substances (chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, pathogens) into soil, …

Increase in natural radiation levels posing threat to life.Contamination by radioactive substances in solids, liquids, gases, or body tissues…

Water pollution is the addition/presence of undesirable substances …

Acid rain refers to precipitation with a pH < 5.6 includes Rain, Snow, Fog, Mist...

Addition of undesirable substances into the environment due to human activities.

Global environmental issues are large-scale environmental problems that affect multiple coun-tries or the entire planet,

Aquatic ecosystems are ecosystems where plants and animals live in water.

Aquatic ecosystems are plant–animal communities occurring in water bodies.

Biome:- Large ecological region defined by climate, vegetation, fauna, and soil. Climate (temperature + precipitation) determines biome boundaries.

Movement of nutrients between biotic (living) and abiotic (air, water, soil) components. Nutrients are recycled, unlike energy, which is lost as heat.

Ecosystem: Concept & Definition – An ecosystem is the basic structural and functional unit of ecology.

Ecology comes from the Greek words oikos (home) and logos (study). In simple terms, it examines how living organisms interact with one another…

Environment-Natural component where biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors interact. Shapes the habitat and ecosystem of organisms.