UK (British Constitution)

Parliamentary system, Rule of Law, law-making procedure, single citizenship, Cabinet model, writ jurisdiction, doctrine of pleasure, privileges of Parliament, and bicameral legislature.

USA (American Constitution)

Fundamental Rights, judicial independence, judicial review, impeachment process for the President, removal of judges, and the post of Vice President.

Canada

Strong federal structure with the Centre holding residuary powers, the Governor appointed by the Centre, and the Supreme Court’s advisory role.

Ireland

Directive Principles, presidential election method, and nomination of members to the Rajya Sabha.

Australia

Concurrent List, freedom of trade & commerce across the country, and joint sittings of Parliament.

Weimar (German) Constitution

Provision to suspend Fundamental Rights during an Emergency.

Soviet (USSR) Constitution

Fundamental Duties and the idea of social, economic, and political justice in the Preamble.

Government of India Act, 1935

Federal structure, Governor’s office, judiciary design, Public Service Commissions, emergency provisions, and detailed administrative setup.

South Africa

Constitutional amendment process and election procedure for Rajya Sabha members.

Japan

Principle of “Procedure Established by Law” (basis for legality of state action).

France

The Republican form of government and the values of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity in the Preamble.

1st (1951)

Added the 9th Schedule to protect laws from judicial review.

42nd (1976)

Added Socialist, Secular, Integrity to the Preamble; Added Fundamental Duties.

44th (1978)

Replaced “internal disturbance” with armed rebellion; Removed Right to Property from FRs.

61st (1988)

Lowered voting age from 21 to 18.

73rd (1992)

Gave constitutional status to Panchayats.

74th (1992)

Gave constitutional backing to Urban Local Bodies.

86th (2002)

Made Free & Compulsory Education (6–14 yrs) a Fundamental Right.

97th (2011)

Constitutional status to Cooperative Societies.

101st (2016)

Introduced GST.

102nd (2018)

Constitutional status to NCBC.

103rd (2019)

10% EWS reservation.

104th (2020)

Extended SC/ST reservation in legislatures till 2030.

105th (2021)

Restored state power to identify SEBCs.

106th (2023)

1/3rd reservation for women in Lok Sabha & State Assemblies.